# NousResearch/hermes-agent · computer_use alignment with cua-driver verify/escalate ladder

## Open now

- Nothing open on GitHub.

The members relate to computer_use and cua-driver behavior: one reports that foreground delivery is unsupported and that Chromium background input leads to a dead end on Windows, while the other two concern following cua-driver's verify → escalate ladder (one titled as a feature/PR, one as a limitation). The titles do not show whether these are fully the same underlying problem.

## TL;DR

- 3 member(s): 0 open issue(s), 2 closed issue(s), 0 open PR(s), 1 merged PR(s), 0 PR(s) closed without merging.
- A fix was merged to main in PR #67123. Verify it addresses your case.
- **Recommended:** read PR #67123 (and any competing PRs below) before filing. Confirm the merged change covers your symptom.

## Maintainer resolution verdict

- Internal-tracker verdict over this cluster's issue members: `partially_resolved` · deciding PR(s): `pr-67123`. This is distinct from the fix status above. Weigh it yourself.

## How this cluster was grouped

- Link evidence (`STRUCTURAL_PARTIAL`): some members are connected by structural evidence (shared changed files, or a closing/superseded reference); the rest are joined by an automated relevance judgement over their text.
- Members outside that structural core may belong to a different underlying problem.
- Pairwise link density `0.45`: the share of member pairs that carry a link, counting a structural link in full and a relevance-only link at 0.36. `1.00` means every pair is linked.

## Closed / duplicate issues

- #67052: computer_use cannot follow cua-driver's verify/escalate ladder
- #68471: computer_use: foreground delivery unsupported — Chromium background input creates dead end on Windows

## Prior & competing PRs

- **#67123: feat(computer_use): follow cua-driver's verify → escalate ladder (#67052)**. merged to main · fix tier `verified`
  - maintainer direction: category `merged`
  - files: `agent/prompt_builder.py`, `skills/computer-use/SKILL.md`, `tests/tools/test_computer_use_delivery_ladder.py`, `tools/computer_use/backend.py`, `tools/computer_use/cua_backend.py`, `tools/computer_use/schema.py`, `tools/computer_use/tool.py`
  - fix hunks:
  - `agent/prompt_builder.py`

    ```diff
    @@ -557,6 +557,29 @@ def computer_use_guidance(platform_name: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
             "4. After any state-changing action, re-capture to verify. You can "
             "pass `capture_after=true` to get the follow-up screenshot in one "
             "round-trip.\n\n"
    +        "## Verify → escalate ladder (background-first, NOT background-only)\n"
    +        "Background delivery is the DEFAULT and the co-work path, but it is "
    +        "the first rung, not the only one. Read each action's structured "
    +        "result and climb only when the driver tells you to:\n"
    +        "- `effect: 'confirmed'` + `verified: true` — the driver read the "
    +        "result back. Done.\n"
    +        "- `effect: 'unverifiable'` — the input was delivered but the driver "
    +        "can't confirm it. Re-capture and check the screenshot/tree yourself "
    +        "before deciding it worked.\n"
    +        "- `effect: 'suspected_noop'`, `code: 'background_unavailable'`, or an "
    +        "`escalation.recommended` field — the action did NOT land. Follow "
    +        "`escalation.recommended`:\n"
    +        "  - `'px'` → re-issue addressing the target by `coordinate=[x,y]` "
    +        "read off the screenshot instead of `element`.\n"
    +        "  - `'foreground'` (or a pixel click still didn't land) → re-issue "
    +        "the SAME action with `delivery_mode='foreground'`. This briefly "
    +        "raises the window; it needs its own approval and is only appropriate "
    +        "when the user isn't actively working. Common for Electron/Chromium "
    +        "consent dialogs, DirectInput games, and raw-input canvases.\n"
    +        "- Escalate to foreground as a REACTION to a returned signal, never "
    +        "as a prediction from the app being Electron/Chromium/GTK. Do not "
    +        "silently retry the same rung expecting a different result, and do "
    +        "not conclude 'cua-driver can't drive this app' — climb the ladder.\n\n"
             "## Background mode rules\n"
             "- Do NOT use `raise_window=true` on `focus_app` unless the user "
             "explicitly asked you to bring a window to front. Input routing to "
    ```
  - `skills/computer-use/SKILL.md`

    ```diff
    @@ -101,6 +101,56 @@ All actions accept optional `capture_after=True` to get a follow-up
     screenshot in the same tool call. All actions that target an element
     accept `modifiers=[…]` for held keys.
     
    +The input actions (`click`, `double_click`, `right_click`, `middle_click`,
    +`drag`, `scroll`, `type`, `key`) also accept `delivery_mode` and
    +`bring_to_front` — see "The verify → escalate ladder" below.
    +
    +## The verify → escalate ladder (background-first)
    +
    +cua-driver delivers input in the **background** by default (no focus steal),
    +but that is the first rung, not the only one. Every input action returns a
    +structured verdict; read it and climb only when the driver tells you to.
    +
    +Returned fields (present when the driver supports them):
    +- `effect`: `"confirmed"` (driver read the result back — done), `"unverifiable"`
    +  (delivered, but confirm it yourself by re-capturing), or `"suspected_noop"`
    +  (ran but almost certainly did nothing).
    +- `escalation`: `{recommended: "px" | "foreground" | "page", reason}` — present
    +  only when there's a next rung to try.
    +- `code`: a structured refusal like `"background_unavailable"` or
    +  `"foreground_unsupported"`.
    +- `verified`: `true` only on AX read-back.
    +
    +Walk it in order:
    +
    +1. **Element, background (default).** `click(element=N)`. If `effect:"confirmed"`,
    +   you're done.
    +2. **Pixel, background.** On `escalation.recommended == "px"` (or a `degraded`
    +   capture with an empty element list), click by `coordinate=[x,y]` read off the
    +   screenshot instead of `element`.
    +3. **Foreground.** On `escalation.recommended == "foreground"`,
    +   `code:"background_unavailable"`, or a pixel click that still didn't land,
    +   re-issue the SAME action with `delivery_mode="foreground"`. This briefly
    +   raises the window and restores focus after; pair with `bring_to_front=True`
    +   for a short sequence to avoid per-call flashes. It needs its own approval
    +   (it's a visible focus change) and is only appropriate when the user isn't
    +   actively working. Classic cases: Electron/Chromium consent dialogs (e.g.
    +   tldraw offline's "Run Script"), DirectInput games, raw-input canvases.
    +
    +```
    +computer_use(action="click", element=7)
    +# → {effect: "suspected_noop", escalation: {recommended: "foreground", ...}}
    +computer_use(action="click", element=7, delivery_mode="foreground")
    +# → {effect: "unverifiable", path: "x11_pixel_fg"}   then re-capture to confirm
    +```
    +
    +**Escalate to foreground as a REACTION to a returned signal, never as a
    +prediction** from the app being Electron/Chromium/GTK. Different controls in
    +the same app behave differently. Do NOT silently retry the same rung, and do
    +NOT conclude "cua-driver can't drive this app" — climb the ladder. If
    +`delivery_mode="foreground"` returns `code:"foreground_unsupported"`, the
    +driver is too old; tell the user to update cua-driver.
    +
     ### Key shortcuts vary per platform
     
     Use the host's idiomatic modifier:
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -205,7 +255,7 @@ in your conversation context.
     | `cua-driver not installed` | Run `hermes computer-use install`, or `hermes tools` and enable Computer Use |
     | Captures consistently return empty / "no on-screen window" | On Linux: DISPLAY may not be set (X11) or you're on pure Wayland — ask the user to run `hermes computer-use doctor`. On Windows: you may be in Session 0 (SSH session) instead of the interactive desktop — see the cua-driver `WINDOWS.md` deep-dive |
     | Element index stale ("Element N not in cache") | SOM indices are only valid until the next `capture`. Re-capture before clicking. The wrapper carries opaque `element_token`s for stale-detection; you'll see an explicit error rather than a wrong click |
    -| Click had no effect | Re-capture and verify. A modal that wasn't visible before may be blocking input. Dismiss it (usually `escape` or click its close button) before retrying |
    +| Click had no effect | Read the structured verdict, don't just recapture. `effect:"unverifiable"` → re-capture and confirm yourself. `effect:"suspected_noop"` / `code:"background_unavailable"` / `escalation.recommended` → climb the ladder: try `coordinate=[x,y]` (px), then `delivery_mode="foreground"`. A modal (e.g. an Electron consent dialog) may be blocking input — foreground delivery is how you dismiss it. Don't conclude the app is undrivable |
     | Type text disappears into a terminal emulator | cua-driver detects terminals (Ghostty, iTerm2, Terminal.app, Windows Terminal, mintty, etc.) and routes through key-event synthesis — should "just work" on a recent cua-driver. If it doesn't, ask the user to run `hermes computer-use doctor` |
     | `blocked pattern in type text` | You tried to `type` a shell command matching the dangerous-pattern block list (`curl ... \| bash`, `sudo rm -rf`, etc.). Break the command up or reconsider |
     | Anything else weird | **First action: ask the user to run `hermes computer-use doctor`.** It runs the cua-driver `health_report` MCP tool and prints a structured per-check matrix. Their output tells you (and them) exactly what's wrong |
    ```
  - `tests/tools/test_computer_use_delivery_ladder.py`

    ```diff
    @@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
    +"""Regression tests for the cua-driver verify → escalate ladder.
    +
    +Covers NousResearch/hermes-agent#67052:
    +  - Phase A: cua-driver structured verdicts (verified/effect/escalation/code/
    +    degraded/path) are preserved through ActionResult and surfaced in the
    +    model-facing response, additively (old drivers omit them cleanly).
    +  - Phase B: delivery_mode is model-reachable, capability-gated, and refuses
    +    with foreground_unsupported on an old driver rather than silently
    +    downgrading to background.
    +  - Phase C: foreground approval is scoped by (action, delivery_mode) and by
    +    session_id, so a background approval never silently authorizes foreground
    +    and one run's unlock never leaks into another.
    +
    +Stdlib + pytest + unittest.mock only. No live cua-driver, no network.
    +"""
    +
    +from __future__ import annotations
    +
    +import json
    +import os
    +from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
    +from unittest.mock import patch
    +
    +import pytest
    +
    +
    [redacted:email](autouse=True)
    +def _reset():
    +    from tools.computer_use.tool import reset_backend_for_tests
    +    reset_backend_for_tests()
    +    yield
    +    reset_backend_for_tests()
    +
    +
    +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    +# Phase A — structured verdict normalization (_action_result_from)
    +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    +
    +class _FakeSession:
    +    """Minimal cua-driver session stub returning a canned tool result."""
    +
    +    def __init__(self, out: Dict[str, Any], capabilities: Optional[set] = None):
    +        self._out = out
    +        self._caps = capabilities or set()
    +        self.last_args: Dict[str, Any] = {}
    +
    +    def call_tool(self, name: str, args: Dict[str, Any], timeout: float = 30.0):
    +        self.last_args = args
    +        return self._out
    +
    +    def supports_capability(self, capability: str, tool: Optional[str] = None) -> bool:
    +        return capability in self._caps
    +
    +
    +def _make_backend(session: _FakeSession):
    +    from tools.computer_use.cua_backend import CuaDriverBackend
    +    be = CuaDriverBackend.__new__(CuaDriverBackend)
    +    be._session = session               # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    +    be._session_id = "test-run"          # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    +    be._snapshot_tokens = {}             # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    +    be._active_pid = 4242                # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    +    be._active_window_id = 7             # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    +    return be
    +
    +
    +def test_confirmed_verdict_is_preserved():
    +    out = {
    +        "isError": False, "data": {"message": "ok"},
    +        "structuredContent": {"verified": True, "effect": "confirmed", "path": "ax"},
    +    }
    +    be = _make_backend(_FakeSession(out))
    +    res = be.click(element=3)
    +    assert res.ok is True
    +    assert res.verified is True
    +    assert res.effect == "confirmed"
    +    assert res.path == "ax"
    +    assert res.escalation is None
    +
    +
    +def test_suspected_noop_carries_escalation():
    +    out = {
    +        "isError": False, "data": {},
    +        "structuredContent": {
    +            "effect": "suspected_noop",
    +            "escalation": {"recommended": "foreground", "reason": "occluded renderer"},
    +            "code": "background_unavailable",
    +        },
    +    }
    +    be = _make_backend(_FakeSession(out))
    +    res = be.click(element=3)
    +    assert res.effect == "suspected_noop"
    +    assert res.escalation == {"recommended": "foreground", "reason": "occluded renderer"}
    +    assert res.code == "background_unavailable"
    +    # transport ok, but semantically not confirmed
    +    assert res.verified is None
    +
    +
    +def test_unverifiable_distinct_from_success_and_failure():
    +    out = {
    +        "isError": False, "data": {},
    +        "structuredContent": {"effect": "unverifiable", "verified": False, "path": "x11_pixel"},
    +    }
    +    be = _make_backend(_FakeSession(out))
    +    res = be.click(x=10, y=20)
    +    assert res.ok is True            # transport succeeded
    +    assert res.verified is False     # ... but not confirmed
    +    assert res.effect == "unverifiable"
    +
    +
    +def test_degraded_capture_signal_preserved():
    +    out = {
    +        "isError": False, "data": {},
    +        "structuredContent": {"effect": "suspected_noop", "degraded": True,
    +                              "escalation": {"recommended": "px", "reason": "empty tree"}},
    +    }
    +    be = _make_backend(_FakeSession(out))
    +    res = be.scroll(direction="down", element=1)
    +    assert res.degraded is True
    +    assert res.escalation["recommended"] == "px"
    +
    +
    +def test_old_driver_without_structured_content_is_clean():
    +    """A driver that returns no structuredContent leaves every verdict field
    +    None — unchanged behavior, no crash."""
    +    out = {"isError": False, "data": {"message": "done"}, "structuredContent": None}
    +    be = _make_backend(_FakeSession(out))
    +    res = be.click(element=3)
    +    assert res.ok is True
    +    assert res.message == "done"
    +    assert res.verified is None
    +    assert res.effect is None
    +    assert res.escalation is None
    +    assert res.code is None
    +    assert res.path is None
    +
    +
    +def test_text_response_surfaces_fields_additively():
    +    from tools.computer_use.backend import ActionResult
    +    from tools.computer_use.tool import _text_response
    +
    +    # Full verdict → all fields present.
    +    r = ActionResult(ok=True, action="click", effect="suspected_noop",
    +                     escalation={"recommended": "foreground"}, code="background_unavailable",
    +                     path="ax", verified=False)
    +    payload = json.loads(_text_response(r))
    +    assert payload["effect"] == "suspected_noop"
    +    assert payload["escalation"] == {"recommended": "foreground"}
    +    assert payload["code"] == "background_unavailable"
    +    assert payload["verified"] is False
    +
    +    # Bare result (old driver) → only ok/action, no None noise.
    +    r2 = ActionResult(ok=True, action="click")
    +    payload2 = json.loads(_text_response(r2))
    +    assert payload2 == {"ok": True, "action": "click"}
    +    for k in ("effect", "escalation", "code", "verified", "path", "degraded", "delivery_mode"):
    +        assert k not in payload2
    +
    +
    +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    +# Phase B — delivery_mode threading + capability gating
    +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    +
    +def test_background_is_default_no_flag_sent():
    +    out = {"isError": False, "data": {}, "structuredContent": {"effect": "confirmed"}}
    +    sess = _FakeSession(out)
    +    be = _make_backend(sess)
    +    be.click(element=1)  # no delivery_mode
    +    assert "delivery_mode" not in sess.last_args
    +
    +
    +def test_foreground_sent_when_capability_present():
    +    out = {"isError": False, "data": {}, "structuredContent": {"effect": "unverifiable"}}
    +    sess = _FakeSession(out, capabilities={"input.delivery_mode"})
    +    be = _make_backend(sess)
    +    res = be.click(element=1, delivery_mode="foreground", bring_to_front=True)
    +    assert sess.last_args.get("delivery_mode") == "foreground"
    +    assert sess.last_args.get("bring_to_front") is True
    +    assert res.delivery_mode == "foreground"
    +
    +
    +def test_foreground_refused_on_old_driver():
    +    """Old driver lacking the capability must NOT silently downgrade — it
    +    returns a structured foreground_unsupported result."""
    +    out = {"isError": False, "data": {}, "structuredContent": {}}
    +    sess = _FakeSession(out, capabilities=set())  # no input.delivery_mode
    +    be = _make_backend(sess)
    +    res = be.click(element=1, delivery_mode="foreground")
    +    assert res.ok is False
    +    assert res.code == "foreground_unsupported"
    +    # crucially: no tool call was made with a silent background downgrade
    +    assert sess.last_args == {}
    +
    +
    +def test_bad_delivery_mode_rejected():
    +    out = {"isError": False, "data": {}, "structuredContent": {}}
    +    sess = _FakeSession(out, capabilities={"input.delivery_mode"})
    +    be = _make_backend(sess)
    +    res = be.type_text("hi", delivery_mode="sideways")
    +    assert res.ok is False
    +    assert res.code == "bad_delivery_mode"
    +
    +
    +def test_dispatcher_threads_delivery_mode_to_backend():
    +    """End-to-end through the tool dispatcher with the noop backend."""
    +    from tools.computer_use import tool as cu
    +    with patch.dict(os.environ, {"HERMES_COMPUTER_USE_BACKEND": "noop"}, clear=False):
    +        cu.reset_backend_for_tests()
    +        be = cu._get_backend()
    +        cu.handle_computer_use({"action": "click", "element": 5,
    +                                "delivery_mode": "foreground"})
    +        # noop records kwargs; find the click call
    +        clicks = [kw for (name, kw) in be.calls if name == "click"]  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    +        assert clicks and clicks[-1].get("delivery_mode") == "foreground"
    +
    +
    +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    +# Phase C — foreground approval scoping (action + delivery_mode + session)
    +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    +
    +def test_background_approval_does_not_authorize_foreground():
    +    from tools.computer_use import tool as cu
    +
    +    seen = []
    +
    +    def cb(action, args, summary):
    +        seen.append((action, args.get("delivery_mode")))
    +        return "approve_session"
    +
    +    cu.set_approval_callback(cb)
    +    try:
    +        # Background click, approve for session.
    +        assert cu._request_approval("click", {}, "sess-A") is None
    +        # A second background click needs no prompt (cached).
    +        assert cu._request_approval("click", {}, "sess-A") is None
    +        assert len(seen) == 1
    +        # Foreground click on the SAME action must prompt again — the
    +        # background approval does not cover it.
    +        assert cu._request_approval("click", {"delivery_mode": "foreground"}, "sess-A") is None
    +        assert len(seen) == 2
    +        assert seen[-1] == ("click", "foreground")
    +    finally:
    +        cu.set_approval_callback(None)
    +
    +
    +def test_approval_state_is_session_scoped():
    +    from tools.computer_use import tool as cu
    +
    +    calls = []
    +
    +    def cb(action, args, summary):
    +        calls.append((action, args.get("delivery_mode")))
    +        return "approve_session"
    +
    +    cu.set_approval_callback(cb)
    +    try:
    +        # Run A approves foreground click.
    +        cu._request_approval("click", {"delivery_mode": "foreground"}, "run-A")
    +        # Run B has NOT — it must prompt independently.
    +        n_before = len(calls)
    +        cu._request_approval("click", {"delivery_mode": "foreground"}, "run-B")
    +        assert len(calls) == n_before + 1
    +    finally:
    +        cu.set_approval_callback(None)
    +
    +
    +def test_always_approve_covers_foreground():
    +    from tools.computer_use import tool as cu
    +
    +    calls = []
    +
    +    def cb(action, args, summary):
    +        calls.append(action)
    +        return "always_approve"
    +
    +    cu.set_approval_callback(cb)
    +    try:
    +        # First call unlocks everything for this session.
    +        cu._request_approval("click", {}, "run-C")
    +        # Foreground now sails through without another prompt.
    +        cu._request_approval("click", {"delivery_mode": "foreground"}, "run-C")
    +        assert len(calls) == 1
    +    finally:
    +        cu.set_approval_callback(None)
    +
    +
    +def test_foreground_summary_warns_about_focus_change():
    +    from tools.computer_use.tool import _summarize_action
    +    s = _summarize_action("click", {"element": 3, "delivery_mode": "foreground"})
    +    assert "FOREGROUND" in s
    +    bg = _summarize_action("click", {"element": 3})
    +    assert "FOREGROUND" not in bg
    ```
  - `tools/computer_use/backend.py`

    ```diff
    @@ -69,7 +69,16 @@ class CaptureResult:
     
     @dataclass
     class ActionResult:
    -    """Result of any action (click / type / scroll / drag / key / wait)."""
    +    """Result of any action (click / type / scroll / drag / key / wait).
    +
    +    Beyond the transport-level ``ok`` flag, this carries cua-driver's
    +    structured action verdict so the model can follow the documented
    +    verify → escalate ladder (NousResearch/hermes-agent#67052). ``ok`` stays
    +    tool/transport success only — it is NOT the semantic verdict. Read
    +    ``effect`` / ``escalation`` to decide the next rung. All structured
    +    fields are optional and additive: an older driver that omits
    +    ``structuredContent`` leaves them ``None`` and behavior is unchanged.
    +    """
     
         ok: bool
         action: str
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -79,6 +88,24 @@ class ActionResult:
         capture: Optional[CaptureResult] = None
         # Arbitrary extra fields for debugging / telemetry.
         meta: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
    +    # ── cua-driver structured verdict (additive; None on old drivers) ──
    +    # AX read-back verification: True = driver read the effect back,
    +    # False = ran but unconfirmed, None = tool doesn't carry the field.
    +    verified: Optional[bool] = None
    +    # Confidence signal: "confirmed" | "unverifiable" | "suspected_noop".
    +    effect: Optional[str] = None
    +    # Machine-readable next-rung hint: {"recommended": "px"|"foreground"|"page",
    +    # "reason": str} — present only when the driver recommends climbing.
    +    escalation: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
    +    # Delivery rung that actually ran (e.g. "ax", "x11_pixel", "cgevent_fg").
    +    path: Optional[str] = None
    +    # True when an AX walk found no actionable elements (act by px instead).
    +    degraded: Optional[bool] = None
    +    # The delivery_mode the caller requested for this action, echoed back.
    +    delivery_mode: Optional[str] = None
    +    # A structured refusal code (e.g. "background_unavailable",
    +    # "foreground_unsupported", "desktop_scope_disabled") when present.
    +    code: Optional[str] = None
     
     
     class ComputerUseBackend(ABC):
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -118,6 +145,8 @@ def click(
             button: str = "left",           # left | right | middle
             click_count: int = 1,
             modifiers: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    +        delivery_mode: Optional[str] = None,   # background (default) | foreground
    +        bring_to_front: bool = False,
         ) -> ActionResult: ...
     
         @abstractmethod
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -130,6 +159,8 @@ def drag(
             to_xy: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = None,
             button: str = "left",
             modifiers: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    +        delivery_mode: Optional[str] = None,
    +        bring_to_front: bool = False,
         ) -> ActionResult: ...
     
         @abstractmethod
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -142,14 +173,18 @@ def scroll(
             x: Optional[int] = None,
             y: Optional[int] = None,
             modifiers: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    +        delivery_mode: Optional[str] = None,
    +        bring_to_front: bool = False,
         ) -> ActionResult: ...
     
         # ── Keyboard ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
         @abstractmethod
    -    def type_text(self, text: str) -> ActionResult: ...
    +    def type_text(self, text: str, *, delivery_mode: Optional[str] = None,
    +                  bring_to_front: bool = False) -> ActionResult: ...
     
         @abstractmethod
    -    def key(self, keys: str) -> ActionResult:
    +    def key(self, keys: str, *, delivery_mode: Optional[str] = None,
    +            bring_to_front: bool = False) -> ActionResult:
             """Send a key combo, e.g. 'cmd+s', 'ctrl+alt+t', 'return'."""
     
         # ── Introspection ───────────────────────────────────────────────
    ```
  - `tools/computer_use/cua_backend.py`

    ```diff
    @@ -59,6 +59,70 @@
     logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
     
     
    +def _action_result_from(
    +    name: str,
    +    ok: bool,
    +    message: str,
    +    meta: Dict[str, Any],
    +    structured: Dict[str, Any],
    +    *,
    +    requested_delivery: Optional[str] = None,
    +) -> ActionResult:
    +    """Build an ActionResult, lifting cua-driver's structured verdict.
    +
    +    All structured fields are additive: a driver that omits
    +    ``structuredContent`` (or any individual field) leaves the corresponding
    +    ActionResult attribute ``None``, so callers and tests see unchanged
    +    behavior on old drivers. See the action response shape in
    +    cua-driver's mcp-tool-notes and NousResearch/hermes-agent#67052.
    +    """
    +    sc = structured if isinstance(structured, dict) else {}
    +
    +    def _pick(key: str) -> Any:
    +        # structuredContent is canonical; fall back to a flattened meta copy.
    +        if key in sc:
    +            return sc.get(key)
    +        return meta.get(key)
    +
    +    verified = _pick("verified")
    +    if not isinstance(verified, bool):
    +        verified = None
    +    effect = _pick("effect")
    +    if not isinstance(effect, str):
    +        effect = None
    +    escalation = _pick("escalation")
    +    if not isinstance(escalation, dict):
    +        escalation = None
    +    path = _pick("path")
    +    if not isinstance(path, str):
    +        path = None
    +    degraded = _pick("degraded")
    +    if not isinstance(degraded, bool):
    +        degraded = None
    +    # Refusal/limitation code — drivers spell it "code" or "reason_code".
    +    code = _pick("code") or _pick("reason_code")
    +    if not isinstance(code, str):
    +        code = None
    +    # Echo the delivery mode the caller actually requested (the driver's
    +    # `path` records the rung that ran; this records what we asked for).
    +    delivery_mode = requested_delivery if isinstance(requested_delivery, str) else None
    +
    +    return ActionResult(
    +        ok=ok,
    +        action=name,
    +        message=message,
    +        meta=meta,
    +        verified=verified,
    +        effect=effect,
    +        escalation=escalation,
    +        path=path,
    +        degraded=degraded,
    +        delivery_mode=delivery_mode,
    +        code=code,
    +    )
    +
    +
    +
     # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Update checking
     # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -1766,6 +1830,48 @@ def _gws_is_empty(out: Dict[str, Any]) -> bool:
             )
     
         # ── Pointer ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    +    def _apply_delivery(
    +        self,
    +        action: str,
    +        args: Dict[str, Any],
    +        delivery_mode: Optional[str],
    +        bring_to_front: bool,
    +    ) -> Optional[ActionResult]:
    +        """Attach delivery_mode to an input-action args dict.
    +
    +        Background is the default and never needs a flag. Foreground is only
    +        sent when the driver advertises support for it; on an older driver
    +        that lacks the capability we refuse with a structured
    +        ``foreground_unsupported`` result instead of silently downgrading to
    +        background (which would land the input somewhere the model didn't
    +        expect). Returns an ActionResult to short-circuit on refusal, or None
    +        to proceed. See NousResearch/hermes-agent#67052 phase B.
    +        """
    +        if not delivery_mode or delivery_mode == "background":
    +            return None
    +        if delivery_mode != "foreground":
    +            return ActionResult(
    +                ok=False, action=action, code="bad_delivery_mode",
    +                message=f"unknown delivery_mode {delivery_mode!r} — use background|foreground.",
    +            )
    +        # Foreground requested. Only send it if the driver understands it.
    +        if not self._session.supports_capability(
    +            "input.delivery_mode", tool=action
    +        ):
    +            return ActionResult(
    +                ok=False, action=action, code="foreground_unsupported",
    +                delivery_mode="foreground",
    +                message=(
    +                    "This cua-driver build does not support foreground "
    +                    "delivery (no `input.delivery_mode` capability). Update "
    +                    "cua-driver to escalate to the foreground rung."
    +                ),
    +            )
    +        args["delivery_mode"] = "foreground"
    +        if bring_to_front:
    +            args["bring_to_front"] = True
    +        return None
    +
         def click(
             self,
             *,
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -1775,6 +1881,8 @@ def click(
             button: str = "left",
             click_count: int = 1,
             modifiers: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    +        delivery_mode: Optional[str] = None,
    +        bring_to_front: bool = False,
         ) -> ActionResult:
             pid = self._active_pid
             if pid is None:
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -1815,6 +1923,9 @@ def click(
             if modifiers:
                 args["modifier"] = modifiers
     
    +        refusal = self._apply_delivery(tool, args, delivery_mode, bring_to_front)
    +        if refusal is not None:
    +            return refusal
             return self._action(tool, args)
     
         def drag(
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -1826,6 +1937,8 @@ def drag(
             to_xy: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = None,
             button: str = "left",
             modifiers: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    +        delivery_mode: Optional[str] = None,
    +        bring_to_front: bool = False,
         ) -> ActionResult:
             pid = self._active_pid
             if pid is None:
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -1849,6 +1962,9 @@ def drag(
             else:
                 return ActionResult(ok=False, action="drag",
                                     message="drag requires from_element/to_element or from_coordinate/to_coordinate.")
    +        refusal = self._apply_delivery("drag", args, delivery_mode, bring_to_front)
    +        if refusal is not None:
    +            return refusal
             return self._action("drag", args)
     
         def scroll(
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -1860,6 +1976,8 @@ def scroll(
             x: Optional[int] = None,
             y: Optional[int] = None,
             modifiers: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    +        delivery_mode: Optional[str] = None,
    +        bring_to_front: bool = False,
         ) -> ActionResult:
             pid = self._active_pid
             if pid is None:
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -1889,18 +2007,27 @@ def scroll(
                     args["x"] = x
                     args["y"] = y
                 args["window_id"] = self._active_window_id
    +        refusal = self._apply_delivery("scroll", args, delivery_mode, bring_to_front)
    +        if refusal is not None:
    +            return refusal
             return self._action("scroll", args)
     
         # ── Keyboard ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -    def type_text(self, text: str) -> ActionResult:
    +    def type_text(self, text: str, *, delivery_mode: Optional[str] = None,
    +                  bring_to_front: bool = False) -> ActionResult:
             pid = self._active_pid
             window_id = self._active_window_id
             if pid is None or window_id is None:
                 return ActionResult(ok=False, action="type_text",
                                     message="No active window — call capture() first.")
    -        return self._action("type_text", {"pid": pid, "window_id": window_id, "text": text})
    -
    -    def key(self, keys: str) -> ActionResult:
    +        args: Dict[str, Any] = {"pid": pid, "window_id": window_id, "text": text}
    +        refusal = self._apply_delivery("type_text", args, delivery_mode, bring_to_front)
    +        if refusal is not None:
    +            return refusal
    +        return self._action("type_text", args)
    +
    +    def key(self, keys: str, *, delivery_mode: Optional[str] = None,
    +            bring_to_front: bool = False) -> ActionResult:
             pid = self._active_pid
             window_id = self._active_window_id
             if pid is None or window_id is None:
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -1914,11 +2041,18 @@ def key(self, keys: str) -> ActionResult:
     
             if modifiers:
                 # hotkey requires at least one modifier + one key.
    -            return self._action("hotkey", {"pid": pid, "window_id": window_id,
    -                                           "keys": modifiers + [key_name]})
    +            args: Dict[str, Any] = {"pid": pid, "window_id": window_id,
    +                                    "keys": modifiers + [key_name]}
    +            refusal = self._apply_delivery("hotkey", args, delivery_mode, bring_to_front)
    +            if refusal is not None:
    +                return refusal
    +            return self._action("hotkey", args)
             else:
    -            return self._action("press_key", {"pid": pid, "window_id": window_id,
    -                                              "key": key_name})
    +            args = {"pid": pid, "window_id": window_id, "key": key_name}
    +            refusal = self._apply_delivery("press_key", args, delivery_mode, bring_to_front)
    +            if refusal is not None:
    +                return refusal
    +            return self._action("press_key", args)
     
         # ── Value setter ────────────────────────────────────────────────
         def set_value(self, value: str, element: Optional[int] = None) -> ActionResult:
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -2325,11 +2459,22 @@ def _action(self, name: str, args: Dict[str, Any]) -> ActionResult:
                 logger.exception("cua-driver %s call failed", name)
                 return ActionResult(ok=False, action=name, message=f"cua-driver error: {e}")
             ok = not out["isError"]
    -        message = ""
             data = out["data"]
    +        structured = out.get("structuredContent") or {}
    +        message = ""
             if isinstance(data, dict):
                 message = str(data.get("message", ""))
             elif isinstance(data, str):
                 message = data
    -        return ActionResult(ok=ok, action=name, message=message,
    -                            meta=data if isinstance(data, dict) else {})
    +        if not message and isinstance(structured, dict):
    +            message = str(structured.get("message", ""))
    +        # Merge data + structuredContent into meta for debugging, structured
    +        # winning on key overlap (it is the canonical verdict surface).
    +        meta: Dict[str, Any] = {}
    +        if isinstance(data, dict):
    +            meta.update(data)
    +        if isinstance(structured, dict):
    +            meta.update(structured)
    +        return _action_result_from(name, ok, message, meta, structured,
    +                                   requested_delivery=args.get("delivery_mode"))
    +
    ```
  - `tools/computer_use/schema.py`

    ```diff
    @@ -218,6 +218,35 @@
                         "matching the background co-work model."
                     ),
                 },
    +            # ── delivery (verify → escalate ladder) ────────────────
    +            "delivery_mode": {
    +                "type": "string",
    +                "enum": ["background", "foreground"],
    +                "description": (
    +                    "How input is delivered, for the input actions (click, "
    +                    "double_click, right_click, drag, scroll, type, key). "
    +                    "`background` (DEFAULT) routes input to the target without "
    +                    "raising it or stealing focus — the co-work model. "
    +                    "`foreground` briefly fronts the window, acts, then "
    +                    "restores the prior frontmost app. Only escalate to "
    +                    "`foreground` when a background attempt did NOT land — i.e. "
    +                    "a prior result had `effect: 'suspected_noop'`, "
    +                    "`code: 'background_unavailable'`, or "
    +                    "`escalation.recommended: 'foreground'`. Do not predict it "
    +                    "from the app being Electron/Chromium; react to the "
    +                    "returned signal. Foreground is a visible focus change and "
    +                    "needs its own approval."
    +                ),
    +            },
    +            "bring_to_front": {
    +                "type": "boolean",
    +                "description": (
    +                    "Optional, pairs with delivery_mode='foreground'. Keep the "
    +                    "target fronted after the action instead of restoring the "
    +                    "previous app, to avoid a per-call flash across a short "
    +                    "sequence of foreground actions. Default false."
    +                ),
    +            },
                 # ── return shape ───────────────────────────────────────
                 "capture_after": {
                     "type": "boolean",
    ```
  - `tools/computer_use/tool.py`

    ```diff
    @@ -139,9 +139,16 @@ def _is_blocked_type(text: str) -> Optional[str]:
     # Per-process cached backend; lazily instantiated on first call.
     _backend_lock = threading.Lock()
     _backend: Optional[ComputerUseBackend] = None
    -# Session-scoped approval state.
    -_session_auto_approve = False
    -_always_allow: set = set()  # action names the user unlocked for the session
    +# Approval state, scoped per conversation/run (keyed by session_id) so a
    +# gateway serving concurrent sessions can't leak one run's "always approve"
    +# unlock into another. Falls back to a shared "" bucket for callers that
    +# don't pass a session_id (e.g. the classic single-run CLI). Values:
    +#   _session_auto_approve[sid] -> bool   ("always_approve everything")
    +#   _always_allow[sid]         -> set of (action, delivery_mode) scope keys
    +# See NousResearch/hermes-agent#67052 gap 4.
    +_approval_lock = threading.Lock()
    +_session_auto_approve: Dict[str, bool] = {}
    +_always_allow: Dict[str, set] = {}
     
     
     def _get_backend() -> ComputerUseBackend:
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -169,8 +176,8 @@ def _get_backend() -> ComputerUseBackend:
     
     
     def reset_backend_for_tests() -> None:  # pragma: no cover
    -    """Test helper — tear down the cached backend."""
    -    global _backend, _session_auto_approve, _always_allow
    +    """Test helper — tear down the cached backend and per-session state."""
    +    global _backend
         with _backend_lock:
             if _backend is not None:
                 try:
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -178,8 +185,9 @@ def reset_backend_for_tests() -> None:  # pragma: no cover
                 except Exception:
                     pass
             _backend = None
    -    _session_auto_approve = False
    -    _always_allow = set()
    +    with _approval_lock:
    +        _session_auto_approve.clear()
    +        _always_allow.clear()
     
     
     class _NoopBackend(ComputerUseBackend):  # pragma: no cover
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -219,12 +227,12 @@ def scroll(self, **kw) -> ActionResult:
             self.calls.append(("scroll", kw))
             return ActionResult(ok=True, action="scroll")
     
    -    def type_text(self, text: str) -> ActionResult:
    -        self.calls.append(("type", {"text": text}))
    +    def type_text(self, text: str, **kw) -> ActionResult:
    +        self.calls.append(("type", {"text": text, **kw}))
             return ActionResult(ok=True, action="type")
     
    -    def key(self, keys: str) -> ActionResult:
    -        self.calls.append(("key", {"keys": keys}))
    +    def key(self, keys: str, **kw) -> ActionResult:
    +        self.calls.append(("key", {"keys": keys, **kw}))
             return ActionResult(ok=True, action="key")
     
         def list_apps(self) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -257,6 +265,8 @@ def handle_computer_use(args: Dict[str, Any], **kwargs) -> Any:
         action = (args.get("action") or "").strip().lower()
         if not action:
             return json.dumps({"error": "missing `action`"})
    +    # Per-run key for approval-state isolation across concurrent sessions.
    +    session_id = str(kwargs.get("session_id") or "")
     
         # Safety: validate actions before approval prompt.
         if action == "type":
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -280,7 +290,7 @@ def handle_computer_use(args: Dict[str, Any], **kwargs) -> Any:
     
         # Approval gate (destructive actions only).
         if action in _DESTRUCTIVE_ACTIONS:
    -        err = _request_approval(action, args)
    +        err = _request_approval(action, args, session_id)
             if err is not None:
                 return err
     
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -301,13 +311,26 @@ def handle_computer_use(args: Dict[str, Any], **kwargs) -> Any:
             return json.dumps({"error": f"{action} failed: {e}"})
     
     
    -def _request_approval(action: str, args: Dict[str, Any]) -> Optional[str]:
    -    """Return None if approved, or a JSON error string if denied."""
    -    global _session_auto_approve, _always_allow
    -    if _session_auto_approve:
    -        return None
    -    if action in _always_allow:
    -        return None
    +def _request_approval(action: str, args: Dict[str, Any],
    +                      session_id: str = "") -> Optional[str]:
    +    """Return None if approved, or a JSON error string if denied.
    +
    +    Approval is scoped by (action, delivery_mode) AND by session_id.
    +    Foreground delivery is a visible focus change, so a prior background
    +    approval — even ``approve_session`` on the same action — must NOT
    +    silently authorize it (NousResearch/hermes-agent#67052).
    +    ``always_approve`` (the blanket "auto-approve everything" unlock) still
    +    covers foreground, since the user explicitly opted into unattended
    +    operation. State is keyed on session_id so concurrent runs don't leak
    +    unlocks into one another.
    +    """
    +    is_foreground = args.get("delivery_mode") == "foreground"
    +    scope_key = (action, "foreground" if is_foreground else "background")
    +    with _approval_lock:
    +        if _session_auto_approve.get(session_id):
    +            return None
    +        if scope_key in _always_allow.get(session_id, set()):
    +            return None
         cb = _approval_callback
         if cb is None:
             # No CLI approval wired — default allow. Gateway approval is handled
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -322,35 +345,38 @@ def _request_approval(action: str, args: Dict[str, Any]) -> Optional[str]:
         if verdict == "approve_once":
             return None
         if verdict == "approve_session" or verdict == "always_approve":
    -        _always_allow.add(action)
    -        if verdict == "always_approve":
    -            _session_auto_approve = True
    +        with _approval_lock:
    +            _always_allow.setdefault(session_id, set()).add(scope_key)
    +            if verdict == "always_approve":
    +                _session_auto_approve[session_id] = True
             return None
         return json.dumps({"error": "denied by user", "action": action})
     
     
     def _summarize_action(action: str, args: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
    +    fg = " [FOREGROUND — briefly raises the window / changes focus]" \
    +        if args.get("delivery_mode") == "foreground" else ""
         if action in {"click", "double_click", "right_click", "middle_click"}:
             if args.get("element") is not None:
    -            return f"{action} element #{args['element']}"
    +            return f"{action} element #{args['element']}{fg}"
             coord = args.get("coordinate")
             if coord:
    -            return f"{action} at {tuple(coord)}"
    -        return action
    +            return f"{action} at {tuple(coord)}{fg}"
    +        return action + fg
         if action == "drag":
             src = args.get("from_element") or args.get("from_coordinate")
             dst = args.get("to_element") or args.get("to_coordinate")
    -        return f"drag {src} → {dst}"
    +        return f"drag {src} → {dst}{fg}"
         if action == "scroll":
    -        return f"scroll {args.get('direction', '?')} x{args.get('amount', 3)}"
    +        return f"scroll {args.get('direction', '?')} x{args.get('amount', 3)}{fg}"
         if action == "type":
             text = args.get("text", "")
    -        return f"type {text[:60]!r}" + ("..." if len(text) > 60 else "")
    +        return f"type {text[:60]!r}" + ("..." if len(text) > 60 else "") + fg
         if action == "key":
    -        return f"key {args.get('keys', '')!r}"
    +        return f"key {args.get('keys', '')!r}{fg}"
         if action == "focus_app":
             return f"focus {args.get('app', '')!r}" + (" (raise)" if args.get("raise_window") else "")
    -    return action
    +    return action + fg
     
     
     def _dispatch(backend: ComputerUseBackend, action: str, args: Dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -389,6 +415,11 @@ def _dispatch(backend: ComputerUseBackend, action: str, args: Dict[str, Any]) ->
             res = backend.focus_app(app, raise_window=bool(args.get("raise_window")))
             return _maybe_follow_capture(backend, res, capture_after)
     
    +    # delivery_mode / bring_to_front thread through every input action so the
    +    # model can escalate background → foreground per cua-driver's ladder.
    +    delivery_mode = args.get("delivery_mode")
    +    bring_to_front = bool(args.get("bring_to_front"))
    +
         if action in {"click", "double_click", "right_click", "middle_click"}:
             button = args.get("button")
             click_count = 1
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -407,6 +438,7 @@ def _dispatch(backend: ComputerUseBackend, action: str, args: Dict[str, Any]) ->
                 element=element if element is not None else None,
                 x=x, y=y, button=button or "left", click_count=click_count,
                 modifiers=args.get("modifiers"),
    +            delivery_mode=delivery_mode, bring_to_front=bring_to_front,
             )
             return _maybe_follow_capture(backend, res, capture_after)
     
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -424,6 +456,7 @@ def _dispatch(backend: ComputerUseBackend, action: str, args: Dict[str, Any]) ->
                 to_xy=tuple(args["to_coordinate"]) if args.get("to_coordinate") else None,
                 button=args.get("button", "left"),
                 modifiers=args.get("modifiers"),
    +            delivery_mode=delivery_mode, bring_to_front=bring_to_front,
             )
             return _maybe_follow_capture(backend, res, capture_after)
     
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -436,15 +469,18 @@ def _dispatch(backend: ComputerUseBackend, action: str, args: Dict[str, Any]) ->
                 x=coord[0] if coord and coord[0] is not None else None,
                 y=coord[1] if coord and coord[1] is not None else None,
                 modifiers=args.get("modifiers"),
    +            delivery_mode=delivery_mode, bring_to_front=bring_to_front,
             )
             return _maybe_follow_capture(backend, res, capture_after)
     
         if action == "type":
    -        res = backend.type_text(args.get("text", ""))
    +        res = backend.type_text(args.get("text", ""),
    +                                delivery_mode=delivery_mode, bring_to_front=bring_to_front)
             return _maybe_follow_capture(backend, res, capture_after)
     
         if action == "key":
    -        res = backend.key(args.get("keys", ""))
    +        res = backend.key(args.get("keys", ""),
    +                          delivery_mode=delivery_mode, bring_to_front=bring_to_front)
             return _maybe_follow_capture(backend, res, capture_after)
     
         if action == "set_value":
    ```

    ```diff
    @@ -465,6 +501,24 @@ def _text_response(res: ActionResult) -> str:
         payload: Dict[str, Any] = {"ok": res.ok, "action": res.action}
         if res.message:
             payload["message"] = res.message
    +    # Surface cua-driver's structured verdict additively so the model can
    +    # follow the verify → escalate ladder. Only include fields the driver
    +    # actually returned (None = old driver / not carried). ok is transport
    +    # success; effect/escalation are the semantic verdict.
    +    if res.verified is not None:
    +        payload["verified"] = res.verified
    +    if res.effect is not None:
    +        payload["effect"] = res.effect
    +    if res.escalation is not None:
    +        payload["escalation"] = res.escalation
    +    if res.path is not None:
    +        payload["path"] = res.path
    +    if res.degraded is not None:
    +        payload["degraded"] = res.degraded
    +    if res.delivery_mode is not None:
    +        payload["delivery_mode"] = res.delivery_mode
    +    if res.code is not None:
    +        payload["code"] = res.code
         if res.meta:
             payload["meta"] = res.meta
         return json.dumps(payload)
    ```

## Fix status

- Merged to main in PR #67123 (cited above). No release data is tracked. Verify downstream.
- Fix last verified (merged) `2026-07-18`.